Best Stock Market Analysis

1. Calculate the daily market return over the last five years from the daily prices,calculate the monthly returns from the daily returns, and calculate the yearly returns from the monthly returns.

2. Calculate the total risk (i.e. yearly standard deviation of the daily returns).
3. Calculate the yearly systematic / market risk using the daily returns of the stock and daily return of the market index.

4. Calculate the unsystematic risk / firm specific risk.Suggest whether this company is a good investment. Answer the following questions while making your suggestion.

1. a) What is the basis for selection of this stock if you suggest this as a good investment
2. b) Would you invest all your money into this stock If not, why not How will you address this concern

ABC Ltd. would like to set up a new expansion plant. Currently, ABC has an option to buy an existing building at a cost of AUD 24 000. Necessary equipment for the plant will cost AUD 16 000, including installation costs. The economic life of the equipment and building are 5 and 40 years, respectively. The project also requires an initial investment of AUD 12 000 in net working capital. The initial working capital investment will be made at the time of the purchase of the building and equipment.

The project’s estimated economic life is four years. At the end of that time, the building is expected to have a market value of AUD 15 000 and a book value of AUD 21 600, whereas the equipment is expected to have a market value of AUD 4 000 and a book value of AUD 3 200.

Annual sales will be AUD 80 000. The production department has estimated that variable

manufacturing costs will total 60% of sales and that fixed overhead costs, excluding depreciation, will be AUD 10 000 a year. Depreciation expense will be determined for the year using straight line depreciation method. ABC’s tax rate is 40%; its cost of capital is 12%; and, for capital budgeting purposes, the company’s policy is to assume that operating cash flows occur at the end of each year. The plant will begin operations immediately after the investment is made, and the first operating cash flows will occur exactly one year later.

Requirements:

1. Compute the initial investment outlay, operating cash flow over the project’s life, and the terminal-year cash flows for ABC’s expansion project.
2. Determine whether the project should be accepted using NPV analysis.
3. Do the sensitivity analysis using different levels of change (e.g. 2%, 5% and 10% increase and decrease) of each of the key inputs (e.g., sales, variable costs and cost of capital)
4. Identify the most sensitive factor
5. Perform the scenario analysis

An investor undertakes risk in order to get returns from an investment. The return is the form of dividends from the stock and also the stock price appreciation. Risk is the variation in the price of the stock over a period of time. Higher the risk, higher is the return of the stock. An investor normally undertakes the risk return analysis of the stock before investing in a stock in order to know if the returns are higher than the risk. The analysis is done with respect to the market. if a stock has returns higher and risk lower than the market, it is advisable to invest in the stock. In the report, we have undertaken the risk analysis of APA Group Stapled for a period of five years.

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Capital budgeting is a process of determining whether the long term investment undertaken by the company is feasible or not in terms of its profitability. There are various techniques which are used to arrive at such decisions. NPV and IRR are the two most effective and popular methods. A capital budgeting analysis has been carried out for ABC Ltd. which plans to set up a new expansion plant. The decision has been given on the basis of NPV, sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis.

Risk and Return Analysis

1) The daily returns, monthly returns and the yearly returns of APA Group Stapled from the period 1-1-2012 to 31-12-2016 are given in the annexure.

2) The yearly standard deviation for the daily returns of 5 years for the company is presented below:

Year	Yearly standard deviation
2012	0.0135
2013	0.2424
2014	0.6100
2015	0.0161
2016	0.0123

(Finance. yahoo, 2017)

From the yearly standard deviation, the total risk can be calculated using the formula:

Total Risk = average of standard deviation of yearly standard deviation

= 17.89%

3) The systematic risk using the daily returns of the stock and the market has been calculated in excel using the excel function:

Beta = Covariance (Stock daily returns, market daily returns) / variance of market returns

= 0.7

The calculations are included in the annexure attached (Finance. Yahoo, 2017)

4) The unsystematic risk or the firm specific risk is the same as total risk calculated above. It is the standard deviation of the daily returns of the stock.

Unsystematic risk = 58.25%

While selecting a stock for investment, the investor should look at the beta of the company. Beta is the volatility of the stock in comparison to the market. It is the change in the stocks returns as a result of a change in the market return. A beta of 1 means the change in stock return is equal to the change in market return. A beta of more than 1 means the increase in return stock return is higher than the increase in market return and a beta of less than 1 means increase in stock return is lower than the market return. If an investor has invested in a stock with beta more than 1, it is assumed to be a risky stock and if the investor is not getting the required return than he should sell it off.

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Here the APA Group Stapled stock has a beta of 0.7 which is less than 1. This means the stock is more or less stable as compared to the market. If there is an increase in market returns by 10%, the return of the company’s stock will increase by only 7%. Whereas if there is a fall in the market return by 10%, the returns from the company’s stock will fall only by 7%, thus minimizing risk. So it can be considered to be a safe stock with low market volatility. Though the increase in stock return would be less than thr market return but when the market return will decrease, the stocks return will decrease by a lower margin, thus making it less risky. Such stocks are suitable to risk averse investor who is interested in undertaking lower risk and can settle for lower returns as well. Also such investors are interested in regular returns in the form of dividends. Moreover, for selecting a stock an investor also sees if the stock is overpriced or underpriced.

An investor will not invest all the money in this stock because the returns would be low for this stock as compared to the market. Hence in order to increase his overall returns, an investor would invest in a more risky stock which would be a growth stock. A risky stock will have a beta of more than 1 and will give higher market returns when the market is rising. And in times of falling market returns, the stocks of APA group will help balance the fall in returns as the returns will not fall as much as the market and thus a balance would be maintained. Therefore, in order to minimize risks and maximize returns, one should have a diversified portfolio of stocks where all types of stocks like with beta less than 1 and more than 1 are present. Also other than stocks, investments can be made in bonds (Damodaran, NA)

Capital Budgeting Analysis

The capital budgeting analysis of the new expansion plant by ABC Ltd. is discussed below:

1) Initial Investment outlay

Building	$24,000
Equipment	$16,000
Working capital	$12,000
Initial investment	$52,000

Operating Cash Flows for the projects life

Year	1	2	3	4
Sales	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000
Variable manufacturing costs	$48,000	$48,000	$48,000	$48,000
Fixed overhead costs	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000
Depreciation on building	$600	$600	$600	$600
Depreciation on equipment	$3,200	$3,200	$3,200	$3,200
Total operating income	$18,200	$18,200	$18,200	$18,200
Tax @40%	$7,280	$7,280	$7,280	$7,280
After tax income	$10,920	$10,920	$10,920	$10,920
Operating cash flows	$14,720	$14,720	$14,720	$14,720

Terminal Cash flows

Terminal cash flows would comprise of after tax salvage value of building and equipment and the return of working capital.

After tax salvage value (building)

Cost of building	$24,000
Useful life	40 years
Depreciation	$600
Book value end of 4 years	$21,600
Market value	$15,000
loss on sale	$6,600
Tax gain on sale	$2,640
After tax salvage value	$17,640

After tax salvage value (Equipment)

Cost of Equipment	16000
Useful life	5 years
Depreciation	$3,200
Book value end of 4 years	$3,200
Market value	$4,000
Gain on sale	$800
Tax gain on sale	$320
After tax salvage value	$3,680

Terminal value

Return of working capital	$12,000
After tax salvage value (building)	$17,640
After tax salvage value (equipment)	$3,680
Terminal value	$33,320

2) NPV of the project

Year	0	1	2	3	4
Sales		$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000
Variable manufacturing costs		$48,000	$48,000	$48,000	$48,000
Fixed overhead costs		$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000
Depreciation on building		$600	$600	$600	$600
Depreciation on equipment		$3,200	$3,200	$3,200	$3,200
Total operating income		$18,200	$18,200	$18,200	$18,200
Tax @40%		$7,280	$7,280	$7,280	$7,280
After tax income		$10,920	$10,920	$10,920	$10,920
Operating cash flows		$14,720	$14,720	$14,720	$14,720
Terminal value					$33,320
Initial investment	-$52,000
Net Cash flows	-$52,000	$14,720	$14,720	$14,720	$48,040
Discount [email protected]%	$1	$0.893	$0.797	$0.712	$0.636
Present value of cash flows	-$52,000	$13,143	$11,735	$10,477	$30,530

NPV = $13885.2

NPV is the most preferred capital budgeting technique and projects acceptability depends mostly on NPV. Other techniques in capital budgeting include IRR, payback period and ARR. Other techniques also are helpful in deciding the acceptability of the project depending on the nature of the project.

Yes, the project should be accepted as the NPV is positive. Under capital budgeting, if the NPV of a project is positive it means the cash inflows are more than the cash outflows and there is profit from the project, hence it is recommended to accept the project.

3) A sensitivity analysis was performed by using different levels of change of the three key inputs, sales, variable costs and cost of capital. Both increase and decrease in the above inputs was taken into consideration individually and the impact of the same was seen on NPV. The table below represents the change in the NPV values with a change in the above inputs:

	2%	5%	10%
Original NPV
Increase in sales	$15,052	$16801.10	$19716.95
% Change in NPV	8.4%	21.0%	42.0%
Decrease in sales	$12718.90	$10969.389	$8053.5340
% Change in NPV	-8.4%	-21.0%	-42.0%
Increase in variable costs	$12135.73	$9511.46	$5137.67
% Change in NPV	-12.6%	-31.5%	-63.0%
Decrease in variable costs	$15634.75	$18259.027	$22632.81
% Change in NPV	12.6%	31.5%	63.0%
Increase in cost of capital	$10617.95	$6161.63	$-252.99
% Change in NPV	-23.5%	-55.6%	-101.8%
Decrease in cost of capital	$17418.42	$23279.41	$34832.29
% Change in NPV	25.4%	67.7%	150.9%

From the above table, we see that NPV is most sensitive to the cost of capital, followed by variable costs and lastly sales. Even by a 2% increase in cost of capital, the NPV becomes negative and the project becomes unacceptable. With a decrease in cost of capital by 10%, the NPV increases by 151%. So we can say NPV is highly sensitive to the cost of capital. If the assumption of cost of capital goes wrong, the whole project may go in for a toss. Hence the company should focus on determining the most accurate cost of capital if the project is to be successful.

4) Cost of the capital is the most sensitive factor.

5) Scenario Analysis

For the scenario analysis, the best case has been taken as increase in sales by 10%, decrease in variable costs by 10% and decrease in cost of capital by 10% and vice versa for the worst case. The results are presented below:

	Total Sales	Variables Costs	Cost of capital	NPV
Normal case	320000	60%	12%	$13,885.2
Best case	352000	54%	2%	$54,206
Worst case	288000	66%	22%	-$11,504

We see that the worst case proves the project unacceptable.

Conclusion

On the basis of the risk and return analysis of APA Group Stapled, it is advisable for an investor to invest in the company as the company has risk lower than the market and the average returns are higher than the market. It is a good investment for a risk averse investor. But it is advisable that the investor should also look at other stocks which are growth stocks in order to diversify his portfolio. The stock of APA Group Stapled are low risk stocks as the beta is less than 1, hence it is advisable that the investor should also invest in stocks with higher beta in order to maximize his returns.

The NPV analysis makes the project acceptable as the NPV is positive. This means the inflows are more than the project outflows. Moreover the sensitivity and scenario analysis also give positive results to a far extent and only make the project unacceptable when the cost of capital increases by 10% as cost of capital is the most sensitive to the project.

Best Tools to Maximise Productivity & Communication at Workplace

The assessment task requires you to search and locate five (5) sources in total that will be useful for completing your proposal and report for Assessment 2a and 2b. At least three resources must be from reliable academic sources, such as articles or academic journals. The other sources can come from media sites, books, magazines, websites, YouTube and Tedtalks.

These resources must relate to your topic, which is on implementing a digital communication strategy within an organsiation. Therefore, it is important that you have thought about what type of strategy you wish to focus on before you start your research. If you are doing this in a group you must all agree on the topic, but the research is conducted individually. 

Some example topics you might like to research:
Using Social Media in the workplace to communicate
Communicating companywide employee recognition
Boosting workplace motivation through innovative communication tools
Implementing instant messaging/group messaging, discussion forums and chatrooms in the workplace
Podcasts, internal blogs/vlogs as a means to communicate to employees
Using an internal intranet/social Intranet for employee interaction.

Boosting workplace motivation through innovative communication tools (Journal Article)

Communicating with the employees in a proper manner helps in motivating them in a workplace. It helps in boosting the morale of the employees so that they can perform well within the organization and increase their level of productivity, which will help the company to earn profits.

The steps that the management needs to take so that the employees can be motivated is that they can schedule a meeting that is oriented towards communication. These meetings will have a subject that will make the employees feel that the company feels takes their opinions in consideration and makes the changes in the organization accordingly. The employees need to be asked questions so that they can provide their best feedback, which will be beneficial for the company (Serrat 2017).

Once the issues have been identified, the company needs to devise certain ways, which will help in bringing down the level of frustration for the employees. this will mo0tivate the employees to a great extent and they will show their concern in working within the organization. the communication between the management and the employees have to be positive in nature so that it does not result in something serious for which the employees may be ready to quit the organization. This will help the organization to carry on with its daily work in an efficient manner. The concerns of the employees need to be given a patient hearing so that they can explain the problems that they face within the work area. This will help the organization to have a level of parity between the management and its employees (Mazzei, Flynn and Hynie 2016).

2. Using Social Media in the workplace to communicate (Journal Article)

Social media is an important tool that is required for the communication to be effective. The organizations that are effective in nature will benefit from this tool, as they know how to use it, which will help them in absorbing and retaining their employees within the workplace.

The organization can use Facebook by sending out the notice about important meetings that will be held within the organization. it will act as a platform that will help in spreading of information and knowledge to all the employees through a common media (Leonardi, Huysman and Steinfield 2013).

Yammer is another social tool that helps the companies to carry on with their internal communications by allowing them to share the information to a local group of employees or even to the project groups. This network is easy and is helpful in communicating with the employees at a real-time basis. The company blogs are a useful tool that helps in communicating with the employees. The information about the company is listed in their sites, which will provide full insights to the employees who are looking for some information about the company. The blogs also act as a gateway, which helps in conducting survey sessions with the employees so that the companies can take necessary steps in securing the employees in the workplace and even retaining them (O’Leary 2016).

3. Podcasts, internal blogs/vlogs as a means to communicate to employees (Website)

Podcasts help in connecting the employees who are difficult to reach in an organization especially the ones who are not in front of the computers during their working hours. The only device that these employees have is their mobile phones, which acts as a great method of communication tool if podcasts can be used. It is also very useful for the top managements who are shy to come in front of the camera to express their opinions about the performance of the organization. These executives can use the podcasts by lending their voice and expressing their interests in communicating with the employees (Miller, 2017).

The employees have to take note about the opinions that the executives of the organization are trying to share with them so that it can help them in performing better within the organization. The employees too can express their interests if they feel that they are being treated wrongly within the organization via podcasts and make sure that necessary actions are taken to solve the issue in a better manner. This will help the organization to retain its goodwill as well as its employees so that the production within the workplace is not hampered and that the company can maintain its position in the commodity market (Blog.tribeinc.com, 2017).

RATER Model

RATER	1	2	3
Reliability	This process is reliable	The reliability level is less	There is an absence of reliability
Assurance	Highly assured	Medium assurance	Low assurance
Tangibles	Executives and employees	Executives and employees	Executives and employees
Empathy	High level of empathy	Medium level of empathy	Low level of empathy
Responsiveness	Prompt response action	Response takes place gradually	Response is very slow

Reference List

Blog.tribeinc.com. 2017. Two great reasons to use podcasts for internal communications – Good Company Blog. [online] Available at: https://blog.tribeinc.com/2015/10/26/two-great-reasons-to-use-podcasts-for-internal-communications/ [Accessed 24 Jun. 2017].

Leonardi, P.M., Huysman, M. and Steinfield, C., 2013. Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations. Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication, 19(1), pp.1-19.

Mazzei, M.J., Flynn, C.B. and Haynie, J.J., 2016. Moving beyond initial success: Promoting innovation in small businesses through high-performance work practices. Business Horizons, 59(1), pp.51-60.

Miller, R. 2017. How to understand internal communication - INFLUENCE. [online] INFLUENCE. Available at: https://influence.cipr.co.uk/2017/06/02/understand-internal-communication/ [Accessed 24 Jun. 2017].

O'Leary, D.E., 2016. KPMG Knowledge Management and the Next Phase: Using Enterprise Social Media. Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, 13(2), pp.215-230.

Serrat, O., 2017. Harnessing creativity and innovation in the workplace. In Knowledge Solutions (pp. 903-910). Springer Singapore.

 

Literature Problems, Gaps, and Hypothesis : With Solutions

Question:

Students’ needs to summarise Assignment 1 literature review (2-3 pages) and do justification from Assignment 1 literature problems, gaps opportunities, Hypothesis) Research questions should be linked to Literature Problems, Gaps, and Hypothesis

• Research Design and Methodology
• Qualitative research

(Students should propose the Process of the Qualitative Research (Main Steps), Approaches to reliability and Validity, Sampling, Sample Size, Data Collection Method, Variables Specifications)

• Quantitative research

(Students should propose the process of the Quantitative Research Design Process (Main Steps), Research Instrument, Quantitative Data Analysis Process, Sampling and Simple Size, Interviewing and Questionnaire Design, Reliability and Validity of Data).

Answer:

The report will discuss in detail about cyber security which becomes a platform for protecting all the important as well as valuable property and information of business in the present world of technology and which is being used as theft as well as misuse. The situation is becoming very critical and a big management issue (Van den Berg et al., 2014). The government of the many developed countries like US recognises this issue as very serious for the security in national and economic perspective. This includes the perspectives of protecting the networks computers, programs and the data from the attack that has been configured mainly with the in computing contexts and the security standards which include the cyber security and the physical security forms as well.

Objective and scope of the project

The issue of cyber security is becoming constantly important challenge for business all across the world and with the high cost on data and many breaches related to it is creating a lot of challenges for many organisations which are not prepared (Nunes Tartari et al., 2016). The main objective of the report is to understand the seriousness as well as also the scope of the report is wide since the issue is worldwide and affects so many sections of society.

Literature review

There are many big companies these days that have constantly strengthened the issue of cyber based security and varied abilities specifically over last few years. There are presences of formal based processes that have been executed to recognise and also bring priority to security based risks in IT and also grow as well as mitigate strategies and so much money also goes into it and based on exciting different kind of strategies (Norris et al., 2015). At the same time, the recent study also shows that the concept of in-depth interviews as well as solving the issues with right kind of information associated with security leaders with twenty five international companies and the overall outcome is revealed which is growing worries.

Justification

Every kind of company is however, fighting its own battle as well as challenges associated with cyber security. With rise in use of technology in every aspect of company, the criminals have a wider range of organisational based issues to exploit. There are so many kinds of personal data which can be easily collected from huge range of sources and which also lead to recognise the concept of theft and other types of cyber crime (Kaplan et al., 2015). Any kind of piece of data collected from a legal business motive can be easily exploited for so many wrong gains. There are clients as well as customers that may not understand the overall details related to it however they trust the organisations for which they conduct business.

How do you address the results which are related to the vulnerability for the higher to the lower risk transformation?

Research design and methodology

• Qualitative research: the concept of qualitative research is based on exploratory kind of research. It is again to understand all the basic reasons as well as views along with motivation behind it. It also gives an insight related to the issues in order to grow right kind of ideas for potential research (Choo et al., 2016).
• Quantitative research: quantitative research is also utilised in order to solve the issues by way of developing so many kinds of numerical based data or the data that can be changed into used statistics. It is also utilised to quantify the behaviour, views, and other elements and general outcome from a large sample.

In this case, so many quantitative sources will be included in the study to understand the issues. Consumers will also be contacted for collecting the qualitative data to understand people perspective. This further will be executed to make sure that the opinions of people in cyber crime were covered completely in all aspect (Kshetri, 2015). Moreover, there are many small companies as well which are getting impacted for the same issue who will be interviewed to understand the reaction and opinions related to serious problem.

The study will have a simple as well as random sampling method that will be utilised to conduct interview which is based on respondents as well as they also answer the research based questions as well as test the hypothesis. Also a pilot study will be carried just before conducting the main research to decide the impact of data collection and related tools just before the main survey (Donaldson et al., 2015).

The elements or variable in the present research can be based on many dependent as well as independent points. The dependent on one hand will be based on age, gender of the respondents. Independent variable will include the basic attitude of the business whether people can utilize the basic standard of such issues or level of impact of cyber crime on business and many more (Klavans, 2015).

After finalising the sample for the study, different forms of informed permission will be provided to the participant through electronic medium or by physical delivery. The main motive of the study will also be explained to the participants. It is important to keep the information provided by them confidential and only based on the opinion of other clients to make a common conclusion (Šendelj et al., 2014).

The outcome achieved from the survey will be recorded at one place on an excel sheet. Then it will be edited properly and the data will then be properly exported into a version related to data analysis system. Data presented will also use the descriptive status like means as well as mode based percentage method. The overall summaries will be presented in visual manner (Šendelj et al., 2014).

Following are some of the outcomes:

1. Value constantly migrates on internet and digital data is more pervasive by nature. The results prove that the big companies or organisations create so many kind of incentive for cyber crime and associated criminals.
2. Corporation is also expected to be more frank than before. People working in company are asking for an access to networks in company through similar devices that they use for personal use (Thuraisingham et al., 2016).
3. The concept of supply chain are become connected with people and organisations. In order to bring more strength to customers and also been able to optimise the present supply chain, organisations are motivating many vendors and consumers are also joining the present network.
4. The factors which were malevolent before are now becoming more sophisticated by nature. There are so many professional criminal in this field which are based on groups and are becoming more advanced with passing time. in fact in certain cases, the concept of outpacing of the present skills as well as resources of corporate based security teams are connected with it (Thuraisingham et al., 2016).

There will be the usage of mixed techniques in this research which is related with number of threats to the validity as well as reliability of outcome achieved. In case of primary research, a test on the concept will be perfumed to understand whether the same outcome can be reproduced or not (Johnson, 2015).

Research limitations

Some of the limitations of the methodology used in this research will be long time restrictions and overall efforts are required for the same. In addition, the research all needs more resources to collect a lot of information to reply the research questions. There are many sources of data that can also be used to become more confident with the finding of the research and most importantly some data obtained might not be very collaborative by nature (Johnson, 2015). This is why; there can be a case of discrepancy in outcomes.

What Mistakes Must You Avoid While Choosing Psychology Essay Topics?

 You must be aware that it hardly matters whether you are earning your post-graduation, Ph.D., or any other doctorate in medicine; you need to write a psychology essay which is the pinnacle of your academic degree. Along with this, you also struggle for effective psychology essay topics, but when you find the relative topic, you make some mistakes that cost you bad grades. Due to this reason, you must need to be aware of all the common yet avoidable mistakes that can make your psychology essay writing smoother. If you want to know more about all those mistakes, then consider reading this article until the very end. In addition, the experts from Global Assignment Help Australia who provide help with psychology essays have summarised a few mistakes that you must need to avoid while choosing the topics.

 

So, let’s get started.

 

1. Common Topics

Most of the time, we have seen that students take a very common topic for their psychology essays. However, you need to understand that choosing a common topic will have nothing to present in front of the university professor. It also makes the content less engaging and leaves no option other than skipping many writing sections without having any interest to read. Due to this reason, professors always mark students with low grades. So, it will be better that you conduct thorough research and come up with more interesting and unique topics that can grab the attention of the professor in one go. 

 

2. Controversial Topics

To achieve good grades and avoid the mistake of choosing very common psychological essay topics, you make another mistake of selecting a controversial topic. Conducting research for a good topic perfect, but opting for a controversial topic is another, which makes the content looks irrelevant. According to our experts, professors never entertain the controversial topic for the essay. So, make sure that whatever topic you choose for the essay writing should possess the quality of getting good grades in one go.

 

3. Procrastination While Choosing the Topics

Apart from the above-mentioned two mistakes, you also make the mistake of procrastinating certain things while choosing the psychology essay topics. You need to understand that assuming a few things like you will be going to score the best grade, you will make the content best, and et cetera will only lead you to the world of imagination. In reality, you need to do hard work with some effective research, then only you can overcome this type of mistake. 

 

At Last!

So, these are a few mistakes that you must need to avoid while choosing the psychology essay topics. We believe that when you adhere to all the ways, then you are more likely to secure the A+ grade easily. And in any case, you face difficulty, consider taking assistance from our experts at any hour of the day.

HL6008 Business Research

Question:

For this assessment, students are expected to demonstrate their understanding of the extant, academic literature related to an approved, business topic. In consultation with their lecturer, students need to decide on a business-related topic/concept. Students need to select approximately eight to twelve (8-12), but at least three (3), peer-reviewed articles or comparable sources (online resource can be accessed using ProQuest or Google Scholar) that are related to the topic (as the basis of their literature review).Justify chosen research methodology (quantitative/qualitative) and explain procedures for data collection, proposed data analysis, and limitations of your proposed study. 

In the context of their chosen topic, students need to review the articles and sources selected, i. e. read and critically analyses (compare and contrast) the literature. In doing so, students are required to discuss the key ideas/arguments put forward by authors, identify communalities/similarities, differences and conclusions drawn by different authors. Based on this analysis and discussion, students are expected to point out potential gaps in the literature that will form the basis of Assessment 2, the research proposal Evaluate professional practice issues in business research

Marking criteria of the literature review include: the quality and currency of the literature selected; the student’s ability to compare and contrast author’s arguments/viewpoints and identify gaps in the existing literature in the context of the chosen business topic; the demonstrated ability to use Harvard referencing.Develop a research proposal, research project plan, literature review to be able to solve business problem and explain research outcomes.

Answer:

A particular business organization primary aims to maintain the superior quality of products as well as services. Some of the eminent scholars have opined that maintaining the product quality and services is not the primary mission of a business organization. In order to maintain a clear data on organizational profitability business organization has to maintain a clear database. Accounting is the systematic procedure of storing, maintaining and evaluating both internal as well as external database for making the entire financial transaction with a chronological order.

The process of accounting enables the business experts to store entire database of organizational performance systematically. Therefore, the business managers are having a constant control over the profitability record of the organization. However, it has been observed that finance department is currently facing innumerable difficulties in maintaining a constant data record with the help of accounting software. In this kind of situation, organizational employees fail to provide effective services to the managers due to the lack of technological skill. Therefore, this specific research issue has focused to evaluate on how the finance executives of global business organizations are facing innumerable challenges in maintaining their data record with the help of accounting software.  

2. Project Objective 

The primary objectives of this particular study are as follows:

• To critically evaluate the challenges and barriers that business experts have to face while implementing accounting within global organization
• To critically understand the overall impact of accounting in enhancing the overall performance level of the global organization’
• To provide some of the major recommendations on how those identified challenges can be overcome by implementing necessary business strategies as well as policies

It has been observed that global business organizations are endowed with large number of senior employees who are not very much accustomed with the advancement of technology. Mackey and Gass (2015) opined that those kinds of employees have to face innumerable difficulties in operating advanced technology while maintaining database both internally as well as externally. On the other hand, it has also been observed that global business experts have to follow different structure of tax rate compliance. As a result, as per the tax rate structure the business experts have to keep a constant update on the legislations and acts of different countries.

Based on the tax legislations the business experts have to prepare the database. In most of the cases, it has been observed that business experts are not comfortable in keeping an in-depth knowledge and idea about the different acts and legislation. Consequently, the finance executives face difficulties in dealing with the database by maintaining a proper chronology. Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault (2015) stated that after evaluating the research issue some of the researcher and practitioners have raised their voice to evaluate the necessary challenges that finance executives of global organizations have to face while using accounting at their workplace.

4. Literature Review 

Based on this specific research issue, challenges of accounting in Global Organizations various eminent scholars have provided different opinion from their own perspectives. It is undeniable that large number of business organizations belonging to global market has to maintain their financial database by using accounting software in order to make accuracy. Vaioleti (2016) opined that people belonging to different geographical boundaries are associated within the business organization.

Therefore, the role of finance executives are to keep an in-depth data record on the overall performance level of the employees by calculating their remuneration, additional benefits and facilities as well as incentives. It has been observed that global organizations failed to maintain a chronological data record on the overall performance level of the employees. As a result, employees are not getting their remuneration properly. In this kind of situation, employees are showing their extreme level of reluctance in providing a good performance level to the organization.

Flick (2015) stated that the primary challenges that a specific business organization face while maintaining financial transaction through accounting software include lack of operating skill of the employees. Large number of senior employees belonging to the global organization fails to operate the advancement of technology. At the same time, those employees do not have any competency on how to overcome sudden technological barrier. In this kind of situation, the entire process of business had been serious affected.

However, some of the eminent scholars have provided necessary recommendations in their own studies on how to overcome challenges of accounting for running a business organization effectively. As per the opinion of Neuman, and Robson (2014), the global organizations can provide an effective training to the employees for enhancing the skill and competency on technology. An effective training and development session may help an individual to maintain a balance between customers supply and demand. On the other hand, finance executives should have in-depth knowledge on the tax regulations and acts of different countries for maintaining entire financial database properly (Daudt, Mossel and Scott 2013). As a result, the business experts would not have to face difficulties in maintaining a proper record about organizational profitability.

5. Research Questions/Hypothesis 

• Primary Question

The primary question of this specific research work includes:

• What are the challenges and barriers that business experts have to face while implementing accounting within global organization
• Secondary Questions
• What is the overall impact of accounting in enhancing the overall performance level of the global organization?
• What should be the necessary recommendations for overcoming the challenges by implementing necessary business strategies as well as policies?

6. Research Design and Methodology 

For that particular research, primary source of data collection technique would be used for accomplishing the entire research work. In primary source of data collection technique, only quantitative form of data analysis procedure has been used (Smith 2015). As a result, the researcher got the direct opportunity to communicate with the respondents with the help of which an immediate response has been collected.

• Quantitative research

Research design:

In order to design the entire research work the researcher would like to use positivism philosophical approach in order to make a keep observation on the research issue. After identifying the major components of research issue deductive approach will be used for evaluating the study from different perspectives (Snyder 2012). With the help of deductive approach data and information is generally analysed by making an in-depth case study. On the other hand, descriptive research design will focus to interpret the collected data from different point of views.

Research instruments:

In order to conduct this particular research work the researcher would like to use some of the necessary properties based on which the entire data will be evaluated. Those properties are otherwise named as research instrument (Gale et al. 2013). In this specific study, the research instruments that are used to conduct the entire study include questionnaires, online sources, relevant books and magazines and so on.

Data analysis procedure:

This specific research has focused to make an in-depth analysis by using graphical representation. In order to make the readers understand the entire data will be evaluated thorough graphs and charts (Tavakoli 2012). In order to maintain accuracy of data the study would be focusing on doing regression analysis with the help of which readers can analyse research result properly.

Sampling technique:

Sampling technique is the systematic process of collecting data from a specific group of people among large number of population (Choy 2014). Data sampling technique is constituted with two major types including probability sampling technique and non-probability sampling technique. In probability sampling technique, respondents are selected randomly. On the other hand, non-probability sampling technique ensures specific group of people for providing their responses regarding the research issue (Wahyuni 2012). However, in this particular study non-probability sampling technique will be used where 50 employees from finance department belonging to the global organizations will be participated in order to provide their response.

Design of questionnaires:

One particular questionnaire would be formed based on which the respondent would provide their necessary response. This particular research issue include challenges of accounting in Global Organizations. For that specific research issue the design of questionnaires would be as follows:

Q4. How far do you agree that organizational employees are facing innumerable challenges in handling accounting?

Options	Number of respondents	Total respondents	Percentage representation of the total response
Strongly Agree
Agree
Indifferent
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

Table 1: The rate of employees who agree that organizational employees are facing innumerable challenges in handling accounting

Reliability and validity of data:

As per the ethical consideration every business experts have to collect data and information from those sources, which are having proper reliability and validity (Mackenzie et al. 2012). The secondary sources that will be used within the study should have an authentic reference list with the help of which readers can find out the links while going through the paper. On the other hand, it is also important that collected data should have proper validity. The researcher should use the data resources, which are very much contemporary and are having proper validity.  

7. Research Limitations 

While conducting the entire study the researcher has faced some of the major flaws, which can be avoided while conducting the future study. In this specific research, the researcher has focused to select positivism philosophy. In this specific philosophy, an individual is only dependent on observation. On the other hand,   post positivism philosophy relies on observation along with proper evidence.

Therefore, while conducting the research work the researcher could have focused on post-positivism research philosophy instead of only positivism. On the other hand, the entire research work could have collected data from secondary resources as well. In the primary source of data collection procedure, the researcher could have got a chance of having biased response from the participants. In this kind of situation, secondary source of research work may help the researcher to conduct the entire research systematically.  

8. Time Schedule 

(Research plan has been attached in appendix)

9. Conclusion 

The entire study has focused to make an in-depth analysis about the challenges that business experts are facing in implementing accounting within the business services. As per the opinion of some of the eminent scholars, accounting is having a major significance in maintaining a chronological database related to finance. However, this specific study has highlighted some of the major challenges of implementing accounting from different perspectives. The researcher has used methodological tools for collecting necessary data and information as well. Based on that particular data and information the study has focused to evaluate the research issue from both positive as well as negative aspects.

Reference list:

Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), pp.99-104.

Daudt, H.M., van Mossel, C. and Scott, S.J., 2013. Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team’s experience with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. BMC medical research methodology, 13(1), p.48.

Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage.

Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC medical research methodology, 13(1), p.117.

Mackenzie, J., Tan, P.L., Hoverman, S. and Baldwin, C., 2012. The value and limitations of Participatory Action Research methodology. Journal of hydrology, 474, pp.11-21.

Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.

Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2014. Basics of social research. Pearson Canada.

Pierre, E.A.S., 2012. Post qualitative research. Collecting and interpreting qualitative materials, 3.

Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

Snyder, C., 2012. A case study of a case study: Analysis of a robust qualitative research methodology. The Qualitative Report, 17(13), p.1.

Tavakoli, H., 2012. A dictionary of research methodology and statistics in applied linguistics. Rahnama press.

Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.

Vaioleti, T.M., 2016. Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research. Waikato Journal of Education, 12(1).

Wahyuni, D., 2012. The research design maze: Understanding paradigms, cases, methods and methodologies.